2021.05.04R: What it Means, Uses, Financial Formulas

When you open RStudio, a window appears with three panes in it, as in Figure A.1. The largest pane is a console window. The console window is exactly what you’d see if you ran R from a UNIX console or the Windows or Mac GUIs. Hidden in the other panes are a text editor, a graphics window, a debugger, a file manager, and much more. You’ll learn about these panes as they become useful throughout the course of this book. Just click the “Download RStudio” button and follow the simple instructions that follow.

R is an interpreted language; users can access it through a command-line interpreter. If a user types 2+2 at the R command prompt and presses enter, the computer replies with 4. R is also a common symbol representing "return" in many financial formulas. There are many different types of returns and they are usually denoted with the upper or lower case letter "R," though there is no formal designation. If there are multiple returns used in a calculation, they are often given subscript letters.

Data processing

R includes extensive facilities for accessing documentation and searching for help. There are also specialized search engines for accessing information about R on the internet, and general internet search engines can also prove useful (see below). We prefer to think of it as an environment within which statistical techniques are implemented. There are about eight packages supplied with the R distribution and many more are available through the CRAN family of Internet sites covering a very wide range of modern statistics.

• You’ll learn about these panes as they become useful throughout the course of this book.
• Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the p and the Ρ shape of the r have become difficult to distinguish.
• If you have questions about R like how to download and install the software, or what the license terms are, please read our answers to frequently asked questions before you send an email.

This means 64-bit R has a larger memory space to use (and search through). There are internet search sites that are specialized for R searches, including search.r-project.org (which is the site used by RSiteSearch) and Rseek.org. In the sos package, which is not part of the standard R distribution but is available on CRAN, provide an alternative interface to RSiteSearch().

The following manuals for R were created on Debian Linux and may differ from the manuals for Mac or Windows on platform-specific pages, but most parts will be identical for all platforms. The correct version of the manuals for each platform are part of the respective R installations. The official R software environment is an open-source free software environment released as part of the GNU Project and available under the GNU General Public License.

R-4.3.1 for Windows

Rights offerings allow shareholders the opportunity to purchase more shares directly from the company at a special price. Please check the manuals for R-devel before reporting any issues with the released versions. We hope to attract sufficient funding to make these goals realities. The name of the letter in Latin was er (/ɛr/), following the pattern of other letters representing continuants, such as F, L, M, N and S.

In securities trading, the letter R has a special meaning when added to the end of a ticker symbol. The letter R has a different meaning when applied as part of financial formula where it usually means some form of return. Translations of manuals into other languages than English are available from the contributed documentation section (only a few translations are available). R is an official part of the Free Software Foundation’s GNU project, and the R Foundation has similar goals to other open source software foundations like the Apache Foundation or the GNOME Foundation.

R Examples

The AGPL v3 is an open source license that guarantees the freedom to share the code. R isn’t a program that you can open and start using, like Microsoft Word or Internet Explorer. You use R by writing commands in the R language and asking your computer to interpret them. In the old days, people ran R code in a UNIX terminal window—as if they were hackers in a movie from the 1980s. Now almost everyone uses R with an application called RStudio, and I recommend that you do, too. The main R implementation is written in R, C, and Fortran.[80] Several other implementations are aimed at improving speed or increasing extensibility.

Existing shareholders are not obligated to buy additional shares. They may decline to exercise their rights or, if the rights are transferable, they may sell them on the open market. Such securities are quoted on stock exchanges and traded with varying degrees of liquidity depending on the company involved. The R Journal receives a large number of submissions, currently over 200 a year, and processing times and especially review times are highly variable. The summaries below shows that for published articles, the time from first submission to accept averages at under a year.

A.1 How to Download and Install R

Use of r rotunda was mostly tied to blackletter typefaces, and the glyph fell out of use along with blackletter fonts in English language contexts mostly by the 18th century. There are three primary FAQ listings which are periodically updated to reflect very commonly asked questions by R users. There is a Main R FAQ, a Windows specific R FAQ and a Mac OS (OS X) specific R FAQ. The term “environment” is intended to characterize it as a fully planned and coherent system, rather than an incremental accretion of very specific and inflexible tools, as is frequently the case with other data analysis software. In this formula, Sr stands for Sharpe Ratio, Rp stands for Risk of the Portfolio being evaluated, and Rf stands for the Risk Free rate, and σp stands for the standard deviation of the portfolio's excess return above the risk free rate. On the NASDAQ exchange, R is used as a fifth letter in a company ticker symbol when the security being traded is a rights offering.

When added to the end of a ticker symbol, the letter R designates that the shares in question are a rights offering. In a rights offering, a subscription price at which each share may be purchased is normally at a discount to the current market price. The R Journal is the peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal, published by The R Foundation. It features short to medium length articles (up to 20 pages) covering topics of interest to users and developers of R. For example, description and implementation details of R packages, surveys or reviews of R software related to a particular area, applications of R software or descriptions of teaching resources related to R.

The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used in the Carolingian minuscule and until today. The letter ⟨r⟩ is used to form the ending "-re", which is used in certain words such as centre in some varieties of English spelling, such as British English. Canadian English also uses the "-re" ending, unlike American English, where the ending is usually replaced by "-er" (center). This appendix will show you how to download R as well as RStudio, a software application that makes R easier to use. You’ll go from downloading R to opening your first R session. If you want to double-check that the package you have downloaded matches the package distributed by CRAN, you can compare the md5sum of the .exe to the fingerprint on the master server.

It is also possible to use a general search site like Google, by qualifying the search with “R” or the name of an R package (or both). It can be particularly helpful to paste an error message into a search engine to find out whether others have solved a problem that you encountered. R has its own LaTeX-like documentation format, which is used to supply comprehensive documentation, both on-line in a number of formats and in hardcopy.

Once you’ve installed RStudio, you can open it like any other program on your computer—usually by clicking an icon on your desktop. CRAN Task Views are documents that summarize R resources on CRAN in particular areas of application, helping your to navigate the maze of thousands of CRAN packages. Vignettes may also be accessed from the CRAN page for the package (e.g. survival), if you wish to review the vignette https://online-accounting.net/ for a package prior to installing and/or using it. If you have questions about R like how to download and install the software, or what the license terms are, please read our answers to frequently asked questions before you send an email. In formulas, lower case "r" usually represents the required rate of return. R1, R2, R3, Ri are returns in the first, second, third and -ith period, respectively.

It is written primarily in C, Fortran, and R itself (partially self-hosting). Precompiled executables are provided for various operating systems. R has a command line interface.[11] Multiple third-party graphical user interfaces are also available, such as RStudio, an integrated development environment, and Jupyter, a notebook interface. Functions are first-class objects and can be manipulated in the same way how to calculate overtime pay as data objects, facilitating meta-programming that allows multiple dispatch. In other words, the generic function dispatches the method implementation specific to that object's class. For example, R has a generic print function that can print almost every class of object in R with print(objectname).[41] R is highly extensible through the use of packages for specific functions and specific applications.

The LaTeX or Texinfo sources of the latest version of these documents are contained in every R source distribution (in the subdirectory doc/manual of the extracted archive). Older versions of the manual can be found in the respective archives of the R sources. The HTML versions of the manuals are also part of most R installations (accessible using function help.start()). Next, click on the R-3.0.3 package link (or the package link for the most current release of R). An installer will download to guide you through the installation process, which is very easy. The installer lets you customize your installation, but the defaults will be suitable for most users.